Sunday, 19 January 2014

Knot, Knutten, Cnyttan


Knot, Knutten, Cnyttan


We were driving through Garia Hat yesterday evening, on way to a stopover at Bunkaari and a meal at
Tamarind, when my wife  pointed out at  a shop whose goods are about as rare today as they were plentiful during my childhood- skeins or balls of wool. I did not  spot the shop as we sped past-  as such the  traffic and the footpath canvasses/ plastic sheets of street shops do not give you much chance of a second dekko. But with my mother sitting in the car as well- and mention of wool skeins triggered a torrent of childhood memories.

Winters and knitting activity were inseparable then.  The magazines would bring out special supplements and features on designs of sweaters - much as they do for food recipes and electronic gizmos nowadays. Shops and footpaths would swell and spill over with these skeins- of pure wool or cashmilon, of different plies, shapes and colours ( including bicolours and tricolours)  and weights. During visits to markets with our mother, a stopover for purchase of wool was mandatory. And probably the only time our consent was taken for anything bought for us was regarding the choice of colour of the  sweater - it also helped that unlike books and summer uniform, winter wear was not of any prescribed hue in my school. It was, indeed, quite teasingly odd that while the boys could wear sweaters and jerseys of all colours, across the road  and beyond a pond, a school persevered with its unfailing , and fairly successful, endeavour to convert itself into a nunnery- prescribing an unattractive navy blue for its grim faced students. What is the fun of being a girl if you all have to dress  alike- takes away the whole fun, I 'd say!

As boys, we were not expected to learn knitting but could never remain unaffected either. However much we three urchins could mess up and get away with other  things in the house, there was zero tolerance about messing around my mother's knitting station- that one and a half meter radius from the chair she would sit to knit, as the colourful skeins  bobbed  about like Zoozoos , threatening to entangle hopelessly amongst themselves- especially when the more serious two colour knitting would be in progress, or when she had other women, chatting and knitting simultaneously ( which I always felt they were not capable of doing) . We hardly helped our mother with kitchen or other household chores, except doing our beds and carrying our plates to the kitchen sink, but it was quite par for the course to assist her with rolling crimped wool, recently unthreaded from an old sweater, into balls. 


And very early in our lives we understood that hell hath no fury than a woman whose knitting pins had
been misplaced . The house would be agog with chatter of ladies regarding which  the 'number'  of pins to be used, the right combination of colours, 'do ultaa do  seedha for the border' and "Mrs. Jain, yeh oon ka sample sambhaal kar rakhiyega, lagta hai you may have to buy extra ooon" and so on and so forth. And many would flock to my mother for advice when their knitting entered the critical phase- the stage of the  neck ( boat, round, high, V and what not),  when three or four 'both sides pointed' needles would be used in tandem.  And she would preside over these  sessions,  almost like a matriarch, with her box of needles, a packet of 'design tiles' and some dog eared  'sweater specials ' of foreign origin which she could  have picked up during  her visits to Calcutta - guiding, admonishing, and even rolling over the floor with laughter during the many "Honey, I  shrunk the kids"  enactments of knitting by the odd  inexperienced hand.

A sweater was always a labour of love. Even today when ready made garments are the order of the day, my mother prefers to knit sweaters for the newborns in the family- a particularly fecund branch has recently been blessed with three , and my wife's next shopping errand for her mother in law is to buy the wool for them. I was torn apart from this activity when I left my home to join college at Delhi where  to my amusement and surprise , I found the male Gharwali Hostel staff knitting sweaters during their off hours in winters - though I continued to wear sweaters knitted by my mother even after joining my job towards the last years of the 1980s. But khaki uniforms are such a killjoy for home knitting - and slowly, home knitted sweaters passed into that drawer  of memory, which one shares more with one's siblings  than with spouse and children-  young parents,  the childhood house,  school and schoolbags, Carmel girls and pretty school teachers, pranks  and picnics,  fights and frolic, Sholay and Trishul, etc.

Nowadays, I hardly see much of knitting in my house.  My wife  is a veteran of ten odd sweaters and as a mark of her attachment, silent atonement, and probably token respect for her mother in law's passion for knitting, has kept her needles tucked away in the drawer of an old cupboard- though does nothing else with them.  I was pleasantly taken aback when in the year 2000, on day One at Eden Gardens, we sat next to a septuagenarian Australian couple. The woman was knitting, and in between her knitting work, was writing scores even as Martin Hayden and ( was it?) Justin Langer were batting- and we would ask her for the scores since the Scoreboard was not visible from where we sat. Watching  that woman knit and write scores I realised why Australia  is such a great cricketing  Test playing nation - abounding in the virtues of  patience and  passion.



























Sunday, 5 January 2014

THE LONG AND SHORT OF THE SHORT MESSAGING SYSTEM

                           THE LONG AND SHORT OF THE SHORT MESSAGING SYSTEM

Last month, OUP had organised a seminar in Kolkata  to  guide   teachers  to tackle the threat  posed to English language  from Short Messaging System or SMS or 'textese'  which is now ubiquitous.   "Textese", Slanguage", and  " digital virus" have been some of the uncharitable epithets coined  by many who 'h8 txt msgs'  and find them to be  ' penmanship for the illiterates'. Clearly, the curiosity, suspicion , fear, confusion, and antagonism which attended the introduction of printing, telegraph, telephone and broadcasting have been unprecedentedly   heightened in the case of SMS which has  got the purists' goat. 

The criticism is primarily based on the characteristics of  SMS as they  throw to the winds, with  an air of gay abandon one associates with kindergarten kids  and college teachers at the  break,  or clerks in government offices much before ,   the rules of  grammar and syntax  of the language, spell a spelling disaster, catapult  a whole new world of pronunciation, miscegenate  by 'going native'  with macaronic usages and fundamentally signal an alphabetical revolution by adding substantial logographic elements ( emoticons and rebuses) to a primarily phonemic language. 

However, none of these is linguistically novel. Emoticons, have been there since 1857 when National Telegraphic Review and Operators Guide documented the use of 73 to express 'love and kisses' in Morse code.  And rebuses ( use of single letters , numerals , and symbols to represent words or part of words , e.g. "i <3 u" ) go back centuries . Macaronic texts which use a mixture of languages  arose as early as the end of the Middle Ages and were found prevalent in a contact -of -cultures theatre, like in medieval India,  where the style was used by the famous poet Amir Khusrau. Interestingly, the anglicisation of non- English languages and the de-anglicization of the English language is almost a parallel process.

Responding  to the charge  that SMS is distorting pronunciation, the votaries of SMS   contend that English, which witnessed the Great Vowel Shift around Chaucer's time, and  has a phoneme alphabet (i.e.,  each letter should represent a specific sound), has totally failed. The homophonic and heterophonic  assaults  like  phase/faze,gait/gate, hertz/hurts,witch/which, etc  and row/read/ lead , etc respectively have left gaping holes  in  the phonemic superstructure. To make matters worse, with tongues  sliding  over words  almost like rasam on a banana leaf,  words have been  chewed off from the beginning or the end or the middle to be left as  aphetic ,  apocopic  and syncopic shreds respectively   - ' 'stralia ( Australia), mag ( magazine) and fo'c's'le ( forecastle)!

The criticism that SMS has created words which suffer from ambiguity in that many words have different meanings and contextual,  like 'lol' ( laugh out loud or  lots of love),  is quite droll when English itself is characterised by a polysemic madness of the highest order. 'Fine' has 14 definitions as an adjective, six as a noun and two as an adverb while the word set has to be explained for its different connotations in 60,000 words in OED. Go to You Tube and search for Osho's  ( though this is contested) face with the title ' The meaning of fuck' and see WTF I mean!

It is fairly  facile to raise a dust over introduction of acronyms like  ASAP, AFAIK, KISS, XOXO, ROTFL, etc.  For long, English has been using words like Laser, Sonar, Scuba, Amphetamine, Gestapo, Nato, M3, Aids, IOUs, etc. Besides, the language has been progressively enriched by addition of new words- the Bard himself has given us countless  new words ( about 1700 including countless !). The language has endured much worse- words have been created by mis-hearings (  button- hole from buttonhole, sweetheart from sweetard) and even by as silly a thing as a silly mistake - Robert Browning thought twat as something innocent and even included it in Pippa Passes( 1841)!

Purists rant at spelling errors  the SMS inflicts, forgetting that English spellings have been churned differently at different stages of its evolution-   its Frenchification,  fiddling by the Chancery clerks during Chaucer's times, the orthographic mayhem caused by the Belgian assistants of Caxton's when the printing press reached the island,  the re latinisation following a surge of classicism, e.g., adding 'b' to  dette  to make  debt  and to doutte to  make doubt . Deviant spellings like 'cos' "because"and wot"what" have been in OED since 1828 and 1829 respectively and have been part of English literary tradition.  To label  SMS as  a villainous,  orthographic iconoclast is, therefore,  stretching it too much. 

The cellphone powered Communication Revolution demands, in a multi chat setting, 'immediate turn taking' in very limited space. The extant linguistic practices , with their pythonic agility, are found wanting .  The answer to this challenge  has been textese which tweaks ' conventional discursive practices with linguistic creativity and communicative competence in order to be intimate and social'. So basically, textese  fulfils a gap in  the existing matrix of communication - which at the end of the day is the purpose  of any  language.  Texting begets  greater acceptance  also because it is more in sync with 'an age where the tiny, the concise and the simple are greatly appreciated in communication' , and would , as pointed out by the famous semiotician and essayist Umberto Eco,' evoke certain fears and hope'.

Besides, English, like many other languages, exhibits  differences in its  spoken and written forms. This duality of different types of dialects within the same language,  of the 'High" and the "Low"  or diglossia has a solid social origin and purpose- it exists in Bengali as Shadhubhasha and Chalitbhasha, in Hindi as Shudhhboli and Khariboli and in many other languages. Probably, textese makes English triglossic instead of just diglossic! The  point is that  this is part of a sociolinguistic tradition and one would agree with Crystall when he says that "in texting what we are seeing, in a small way, is language in evolution'.

It stands to reason that no one would like to communicate with a quirkiness that would entail a  risk of not being understood- so it is with the users of SMS. Standard orthography is , therefore, increasingly used when messages are longer.  Change for the sake of change has never been accepted-  the fate of the  international languages  like Volapuk in 1880, Esperanto in 1887, Ogden in 1930s, Anglic in 1930s, and  Seaspeak stand  in eloquent silence.  It is not that all what the textese introduces will survive. SMS cannot successfully introduce a word or a habit  for long if the world doesn't want it- Shakespeare, too, failed with new words like conflux, vastidity and tortive,  and no one gave a second glance to Milton's inquisiturient or to Dickens' vocular. 

Research by Crystal (2008), Baron (2008), Thurlow (2011), Shazia Aziz and others ( 2013) et al  has blown the lid off many surmises built around the impact of SMS on English language. Studies have   revealed a)  that 'the evolution  of 'texts' is essentially associated with a strong grasp of grammar and phonetics ,  b)  youth abbreviate words for texting once they have learned standard spelling,  c)less than 20% of the text messages looked at showed abbreviated forms of any kind - about three per message, d) ) only a very tiny part of the texting community uses a distinctive orthography, e )users are generally aware of the context of the use of SMS and very infrequently use it for formal writings, e) mistakes in formal writing amongst SMS users is very little regarding  use of capital letters and  spellings but much higher in obligatory commas,  quotation marks  and semi- colons. Infact, the last finding appears more to do with the alarming decline in the  quality of instruction on punctuation  in Indian schools and colleges, especially commas, quotation marks  and semi colons . 

Besides, there appears to be an element of subjectivity  around the impact assessment  of SMS  also because it is clubbed and braided  with other strands   of ' deviant  youth activities ' - incessant texting, prurient texting, sexting, cyber stalking, etc., and also because the academic community finds it a convenient to deflect from and mask  its own declining standards of instruction.  The decline in spelling ability owing to a surfeit of spellcheckers and the slump in reading habits in this Digital Age have to be also taken into account. Let us not make SMS a " whipping boy".

Texting  is nothing but " the latest manifestation of the human ability to be linguistically creative and to adapt language to suit the demands of diverse settings".  It just makes the job it is applicated to more efficient.  The English language will surely not decline as a result of it, but will probably be enriched.It is time to build blocks on the strengths of textese and its creative potentials. Haven't T20s and ODIs made Test Cricket more exciting ? Doomsday Prophets and Grammar Nazis, hold back your fire for  'it is better to wait the decisions of time, which are slow and sure, than to take those of synods, which are often hasty and injudicious".